{"product_id":"surdurulebilir-kentsel-ulasim_349220-html","title":"Sustainable Urban Transportation","description":"\u003cp style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif;\"\u003eAlthough it is still felt with varying intensity in different parts of the world, global warming and climate change are predicted to have severe consequences covering the whole world in the near future. Global warming and climate change can lead to pollution, worsening weather conditions, melting glaciers in polar regions, rising sea levels, fresh water sources mixing with the sea, water scarcity, increased floods and inundations, land losses, reduction of agricultural areas, food shortages, droughts, and the gradual reduction or extinction of some animal and plant species, health problems, changes in virus types due to excessive heat, an increase in epidemic diseases, migrations, and other unforeseen vital problems that trigger each other. According to the Global Risk Report published by the World Economic Forum in 2017, the failure to adapt to climate change in the near future is among the most dangerous risks that international communities may face. Climate change issues, which were first discussed in international circles at the UN's \"Human Environment Conference\" held in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, in 1972, have been discussed at international meetings at regular intervals, and evaluation reports have been prepared. With the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which has been repeated since 1990, scientists and other experts have produced Special and Technical Reports, organized meetings, and developed roadmaps to draw attention to the issue, and studies are still ongoing. However, at this point, the expected progress has not been achieved on a global scale. In this context, it is understood that policymakers, practitioners, and relevant actors all over the world need to show more effort and sensitivity as required by the importance of the issue.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif;\"\u003eDespite the increase in knowledge over time, the inability to create awareness and a sense of citizenship regarding the foundations of climate science is an almost universal finding worldwide. In this context, it is clear that the concept of \"sustainability\" regarding all elements that ensure livability, which forms the agenda of relevant scientific circles and will inevitably be on the world agenda in the coming years, needs to be adopted by wider masses, and all actors affected by the phenomenon of climate change, i.e., all humanity, need to take more steps to act with a sense of responsibility by owning the issue. It is a matter on which all scientific communities agree, with evidence showing that increasingly extensive transportation activities reaching significant proportions on a global scale have a significant share in global warming and climate change. Therefore, Transportation Policy and Planning and Spatial Planning play a vital role in the transition to a low-carbon energy future and adaptation to climate change.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif;\"\u003eThe purpose of preparing the book Sustainable Urban Transportation is to provide direction for current transportation and transportation-related environmental problems experienced all over the world due to wrong transportation and planning policies, with lessons learned from past experiences, current conditions, and a future perspective. The book consists of six chapters. In the first chapter, current transportation problems, past approaches to transportation issues, what transportation policies should be to solve the problems, and expected technological developments are introduced. In the second chapter, transportation-settlement relationships and models defining these relationships are introduced. It is emphasized that new generation models, which can monitor and incorporate the effects of rapidly developing transportation and information technologies, social life preferences, and robotic developments into the decision-making process, will be important tools in planning in the future planning process. In the third chapter, how stratification should be created in the transportation system, which forms the backbone of the urban system, including public transportation system lines, which is the dominant transportation system, criticisms of stratification, and recent stratification approaches are discussed. The fourth chapter covers the classification of intersections, types of intersections and traffic controls necessary in the context of road hierarchy, pedestrian and cyclist arrangements at intersections. The fifth chapter includes the classification of parking lots, parking policies, parking planning, the example of the Netherlands in parking policy and planning, and parking designs. In the sixth and final chapter, in the context of the vision of serving humanity by providing appropriate accessibility for all segments of society and an environmentally friendly space organization that enhances the quality of life, which is the main purpose of transportation, the increase in safety and comfort in pedestrian and cyclist movement and the integrated planning of the pedestrian system within the framework of policies that encourage open space systems and public transportation are emphasized, and global practices in this direction are discussed. The book has been prepared by adding developments over the years, current problems, and developed solution proposals to my lecture notes given at the ITU Faculty of Architecture for over thirty years.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif;\"\u003eWhen determining transportation policies and making decisions, it is important to accurately predict the consequences. Today's world has a dynamic structure with rapid technological changes and developments. Transportation and other spatial elements, on the other hand, have a structure that is more permanent in terms of time, costly, has a slower return process, and requires a long time and cost to compensate for losses. Therefore, transportation policies should set a framework that is sensitive to the demands of all segments of society and lays the groundwork for solutions that will pave the way for sustainable development, and should have a flexible structure adaptable to developments. Decisions to be made regarding transportation must be considered with all their dimensions that directly affect land uses, socioeconomic structure, and living environments and nature, and their effects must be accurately predicted in advance. For this purpose, the topics discussed in the book, along with past experiences, practices, and their results, have been handled in a cause-and-effect relationship, and global trends and examples of good practice have been included. The target audience of the book includes, primarily, urban planning and architecture students, as well as members of all relevant environmentally sensitive disciplines and stakeholders. I hope it will be useful.\u003cbr\u003eMesture AYSAN BULDURUR\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-weight: bold;\"\u003eCONTENTS\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif;\"\u003eCHAPTER 1:\u003cbr\u003eTRANSPORTATION-INDUCED PROBLEMS AND SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION POLICIES ............. 3\u003cbr\u003eIMPACTS OF THE TRANSPORTATION SECTOR...................................................................3\u003cbr\u003eGLOBAL TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS ..........................................................................5\u003cbr\u003eINCREASE IN THE MOTORIZATION INDEX ....................................................................5\u003cbr\u003eTRAFFIC CONGESTION...............................................................................................6\u003cbr\u003eACCIDENTS, LOSS OF TIME, LIVES AND PROPERTY.........................................................6\u003cbr\u003eENERGY CONSUMPTION............................................................................................7\u003cbr\u003eDESTRUCTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN TERMS OF NATURAL AND HUMAN FACTORS ........................ 10\u003cbr\u003eHEAT ISLANDS........................................................................................................ 10\u003cbr\u003eENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION.................................................................................. 12\u003cbr\u003eNOISE.................................................................................................................. 15\u003cbr\u003eDAMAGE TO AGRICULTURAL LANDS......................................................................... 15\u003cbr\u003eDAMAGE TO THE ECOSYSTEM.................................................................................. 16\u003cbr\u003eTHREATS TO HUMAN HEALTH ................................................................................ 17\u003cbr\u003eCOST.................................................................................................................. 18\u003cbr\u003eAPPROACHES AND POLICIES ON TRANSPORTATION ISSUES OVER PERIODS....................... 18\u003cbr\u003ePERIODIC DEVELOPMENT IN TRANSPORTATION INVESTMENT POLICY ORIENTATIONS .................... 21\u003cbr\u003eTURKEY'S TRANSPORTATION POLICY.......................................................................... 23\u003cbr\u003eEUROPEAN UNION TRANSPORTATION POLICY AND 2010 ACTION PLAN............................... 27\u003cbr\u003ePROMOTING INTEGRATED POLICIES.......................................................................... 28\u003cbr\u003eURBAN ENVIRONMENT AND LAND USE.................................................................... 29\u003cbr\u003eFOCUSING ON PEOPLE............................................................................................ 29\u003cbr\u003eURBAN GREEN TRANSPORTATION - ENCOURAGING THE USE OF CLEAN VEHICLES............... 30\u003cbr\u003eSTRENGTHENING FUNDING - PROVIDING SUPPORT FOR PIONEERING TOWNS AND CITIES.... 30\u003cbr\u003eSHARING EXPERIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE - PROMOTING GOOD URBAN PRACTICES................. 30\u003cbr\u003eURBAN MOBILITY OPTIMIZATION............................................................................... 31\u003cbr\u003evii\u003cbr\u003eSUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORTATION POLICIES.................................................... 31\u003cbr\u003eAIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION.............................................. 32\u003cbr\u003eSUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORTATION POLICIES AND STRATEGIES................................... 33\u003cbr\u003eEFFECTIVE LAND USE POLICIES.............................................................................. 35\u003cbr\u003eINTEGRATED URBAN LAND USE, TRANSPORTATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND\u003cbr\u003eLAND USE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES....................................................................... 35\u003cbr\u003eCREATION OF \"URBAN MACRO FORM\" AND \"LAND USE PATTERN\" THAT MINIMIZE PERIODIC TRAVEL TIME AND DISTANCES FOR WORK AND EDUCATION PURPOSES THROUGH AN INTEGRATED LAND USE AND TRANSPORTATION PLANNING APPROACH...........................36\u003cbr\u003eDEMAND MANAGEMENT .......................................................................................... 39\u003cbr\u003eDEMAND SUPPRESSION........................................................................................ 39\u003cbr\u003eDEMAND SHIFTING ............................................................................................. 42\u003cbr\u003eEFFICIENT VEHICLE AND ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE UTILIZATION....................................... 47\u003cbr\u003eCONTROL AND RESTRICTION OF INDIVIDUAL TRANSPORTATION (CAR USE).......................... 48\u003cbr\u003ePARKING RESTRICTIONS AND CONTROLS IN CENTRAL AREAS......................................... 48\u003cbr\u003ePARK AND RIDE APPLICATIONS............................................................................... 48\u003cbr\u003eRESTRICTING CAR USE THROUGH TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE PRICING METHODS AND OTHER MONETARY MEASURES....................................................................... 49\u003cbr\u003eENCOURAGEMENT OF URBAN GREEN (CLEAN) TRANSPORTATION AND VEHICLE USE............. 50\u003cbr\u003eTRAFFIC INFORMATION SYSTEM................................................................................. 50\u003cbr\u003eOTHER MEASURES..................................................................................................... 50\u003cbr\u003eAPPROPRIATE PLANNING OF ROAD CORRIDORS, GEOMETRIC AND PHYSICAL STANDARDS....... 50\u003cbr\u003eUSE OF EFFECTIVE ROAD NETWORK MODELS SUITABLE FOR TOPOGRAPHY....................... 50\u003cbr\u003eFUEL ECONOMY.................................................................................................... 51\u003cbr\u003eAWARENESS-RAISING AND AWARENESS-INCREASING ACTIVITIES.................................. 52\u003cbr\u003eNEW TECHNOLOGIES IN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS................................................... 52\u003cbr\u003eINFRASTRUCTURE AND TECHNOLOGY SUPPORTING SMART TRANSPORTATION................... 58\u003cbr\u003eITS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT....................................................................... 59\u003cbr\u003eADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION VEHICLES....................................... 60\u003cbr\u003eASSESSMENT OF TECHNOLOGY TRENDS.................................................................... 65\u003cbr\u003eIMPACTS OF SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION POLICIES ON HEALTH................................ 68\u003cbr\u003eMONITORING OF SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION POLICIES ............................................... 69\u003cbr\u003eSUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING................................................................... 71\u003cbr\u003ePURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING............................................. 72\u003cbr\u003eviii\u003cbr\u003eFUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING............................................ 72\u003cbr\u003eWHAT KIND OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING?................................................................ 73\u003cbr\u003eTOOLS OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING........................................................................ 74\u003cbr\u003eCONCLUSION............................................................................................................... 75\u003cbr\u003eCHAPTER 2:\u003cbr\u003eTRANSPORTATION-SETTLEMENT RELATIONSHIP........................................................... 79\u003cbr\u003eHISTORICAL PROCESS IN THE TRANSPORTATION-SETTLEMENT RELATIONSHIP................... 79\u003cbr\u003eIMPACTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS ON URBAN SETTLEMENTS............................... 79\u003cbr\u003eTRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURES AND THEIR IMPACTS ON URBAN LAND USE................... 82\u003cbr\u003eLAND USE AT TRANSPORTATION NODE POINTS.............................................................. 85\u003cbr\u003eNETHERLANDS ABC APPLICATION IN LAND USE ALLOCATIONS BASED ON TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM FACILITIES..................................................................................... 87\u003cbr\u003eURBAN LAND USE AND ITS IMPACTS ON URBAN TRANSPORTATION............................... 90\u003cbr\u003eINTERACTION WITH EXISTING URBAN STRUCTURE.......................................................... 93\u003cbr\u003eURBAN MOVEMENTS................................................................................................. 94\u003cbr\u003eURBAN TRAVEL PURPOSES......................................................................................... 95\u003cbr\u003eURBAN MOBILITY....................................................................................................... 95\u003cbr\u003eINDIVIDUAL TRAVEL BEHAVIORS................................................................................... 96\u003cbr\u003eFACTORS AFFECTING TRAVEL BEHAVIOR................................................................... 96\u003cbr\u003ePHYSICAL CONDITIONS RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE, LAND USE AND SETTLEMENT TEXTURE............................................................................. 97\u003cbr\u003ePEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLINESS - PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES, TRANSFERS, PRICING POLICIES...... 98\u003cbr\u003eSOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS............................................................................ 100\u003cbr\u003eINDIVIDUAL ROLES............................................................................................. 102\u003cbr\u003eIMPACTS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY............................................................... 103\u003cbr\u003eCHANGING PROCESSES OF URBAN ELEMENTS.............................................................. 104\u003cbr\u003eTHEORETICAL FRAMEWORK IN LAND USE TRANSPORTATION INTERACTION..................... 105\u003cbr\u003eSYSTEM APPROACH-MODELS.................................................................................. 105\u003cbr\u003eHISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THEORIES.................................................................. 105\u003cbr\u003eINTEGRATED LAND USE TRANSPORTATION MODELS.................................................... 110\u003cbr\u003eix\u003cbr\u003eTRAVEL DEMAND MODELS.................................................................................... 110\u003cbr\u003eOPERATIONAL INTEGRATED LAND USE TRANSPORTATION (A-U) MODELS....................... 111\u003cbr\u003eNEW GENERATION INTEGRATED A-U MODELS............................................................ 113\u003cbr\u003eCONCLUSION............................................................................................................... 118\u003cbr\u003eCHAPTER 3:\u003cbr\u003eROAD HIERARCHY................................................................................................. 121\u003cbr\u003eNECESSITY OF ROAD HIERARCHY.............................................................................. 121\u003cbr\u003ePURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF ROAD HIERARCHY.......................................................... 122\u003cbr\u003eCLASSIFICATION OF ROADS..................................................................................... 123\u003cbr\u003eCLASSIFICATION OF URBAN ROADS............................................................................. 124\u003cbr\u003eCONTEXT OF ROAD HIERARCHY.................................................................................. 126\u003cbr\u003eRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROAD HIERARCHY AND SETTLEMENT UNIT, LAND USE AND TOPOGRAPHY...... 127\u003cbr\u003eROAD HIERARCHY-SETTLEMENT UNIT RELATIONSHIP.................................................... 128\u003cbr\u003eROAD HIERARCHY-LAND USE RELATIONSHIP............................................................ 130\u003cbr\u003eROAD HIERARCHY AND TOPOGRAPHY RELATIONSHIP...................................................... 131\u003cbr\u003eGENERAL PRINCIPLES IN HIERARCHY.......................................................................... 132\u003cbr\u003eCRITICISMS OF ROAD HIERARCHY.............................................................................. 133\u003cbr\u003eRECENT HIERARCHY APPROACHES.............................................................................. 133\u003cbr\u003eCOMPLETE STREET DESIGNS...................................................................................... 135\u003cbr\u003eA NEW FORMULATION FOR HIERARCHY........................................................................ 137\u003cbr\u003eA FOUR-STAGE ROAD HIERARCHY FRAMEWORK FOR NETWORK PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT.............. 140\u003cbr\u003eMANAGEMENT IN ROAD HIERARCHY....................................................................... 141\u003cbr\u003eWHAT IS OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY IN ROADWAYS AND HOW IS IT ACHIEVED?............... 143\u003cbr\u003eROAD DESIGN........................................................................................................... 145\u003cbr\u003eURBAN ROAD HIERARCHY DESIGN CRITERIA................................................................... 145\u003cbr\u003eDATA REQUIRED FOR ROAD DESIGN......................................................................... 146\u003cbr\u003eDESIGN SPEED..................................................................................................... 146\u003cbr\u003eROAD GRADES..................................................................................................... 147\u003cbr\u003eINTERSECTION SPACING........................................................................................ 148\u003cbr\u003eROAD CONNECTIONS................................................................................................... 148\u003cbr\u003eROAD CROSS-SECTIONS............................................................................................ 149\u003cbr\u003ex\u003cbr\u003eROAD TYPE - AREA USE RELATIONSHIP.................................................................... 154\u003cbr\u003eFUNCTION- AND LOCATION-BASED REDESIGN OF EXISTING ROADS................................ 154\u003cbr\u003eURBAN ROAD NETWORK MODELS................................................................................ 156\u003cbr\u003eROAD NETWORK MODELS FREQUENTLY USED IN NEIGHBORHOOD UNITS.......................... 159\u003cbr\u003eCONCLUSION.............................................................................................................. 161\u003cbr\u003eCHAPTER 4:\u003cbr\u003eINTERSECTIONS..................................................................................................... 165\u003cbr\u003eDEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF INTERSECTIONS................................................... 165\u003cbr\u003eDETERMINATION OF INTERSECTION TYPE.................................................................. 166\u003cbr\u003eINTERSECTION CHARACTERISTICS............................................................................ 168\u003cbr\u003eKEY ISSUES AFFECTING INTERSECTION SAFETY ........................................................ 168\u003cbr\u003eINTERSECTION SPACING............................................................................................ 169\u003cbr\u003eTRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AT INTERSECTIONS.................................................................. 170\u003cbr\u003eINTERSECTION DESIGN............................................................................................ 170\u003cbr\u003eFUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF INTERSECTION DESIGN.................................................. 171\u003cbr\u003eAIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF INTERSECTION DESIGN......................................................... 171\u003cbr\u003eDATA REQUIRED FOR INTERSECTION PLANNING AND DESIGN............................................ 171\u003cbr\u003eSELECTION OF INTERSECTION TYPE BASED ON AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC........................... 172\u003cbr\u003eAT-GRADE INTERSECTIONS......................................................................................... 173\u003cbr\u003eTRAFFIC CONTROL MEASURES.................................................................................... 173\u003cbr\u003eTRAFFIC REGULATIONS AT AT-GRADE INTERSECTIONS................................................... 174\u003cbr\u003eKEY ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION DESIGN.................................................... 175\u003cbr\u003eFACTORS AFFECTING INTERSECTION USERS IN INTERSECTION DESIGN............................. 176\u003cbr\u003eCOMPATIBILITY OF INTERSECTIONS WITH PUBLIC TRANSPORT STOPS................................. 177\u003cbr\u003eGENERAL CRITERIA AND FACTORS IN AT-GRADE INTERSECTION DESIGN............................ 178\u003cbr\u003eDETERMINATION AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF INTERSECTION GEOMETRY....................... 178\u003cbr\u003eTRAFFIC FLOW, WEIGHT AND DIRECTION DETERMINATION........................................ 178\u003cbr\u003eCREATION OF INTERSECTION CORNERS, TURNING PLATFORMS................................... 179\u003cbr\u003eANALYSIS OF SIGHT DISTANCES.......................................................................... 180\u003cbr\u003eDEVELOPMENT STAGES BASED ON TRAFFIC VOLUME INCREASE................................... 181\u003cbr\u003exi\u003cbr\u003eCHANNELIZATION PROCESS\/CHANNEL FORMATION.................................................... 183\u003cbr\u003eEXAMPLES FOR IMPROVING EXISTING INTERSECTIONS.................................................. 187\u003cbr\u003eDIFFERENT SOLUTIONS IN INTERSECTION DESIGN........................................................... 190\u003cbr\u003eTHREE-ARM INTERSECTION SOLUTIONS..................................................................... 190\u003cbr\u003eU-TURN MEDIAN................................................................................................. 192\u003cbr\u003eBOWTIE INTERSECTION SOLUTION........................................................................... 192\u003cbr\u003eQUADRANT INTERSECTION.................................................................................... 194\u003cbr\u003eLANE BALANCE........................................................................................................ 195\u003cbr\u003eROUNDABOUT TYPE INTERSECTION........................................................................... 196\u003cbr\u003eRIGHT-OF-WAY FOR BICYCLE LANE IN ROUNDABOUT................................................ 198\u003cbr\u003eMODERN ROUNDABOUT........................................................................................... 198\u003cbr\u003eTRAFFIC CIRCLE (ROUNDABOUTS)............................................................................. 200\u003cbr\u003eBICYCLE MOVEMENTS IN TRAFFIC CIRCLE................................................................ 201\u003cbr\u003eDESIGN FOR CYCLISTS........................................................................................ 201\u003cbr\u003eINTERSECTIONS WITH SEPARATE BICYCLE TRACKS OR LANES......................................... 202\u003cbr\u003eREDESIGN OF INTERSECTIONS FOR CYCLISTS......................................................... 204\u003cbr\u003eINTERSECTION DESIGNS FOR CYCLISTS............................................................. 204\u003cbr\u003eSIGNAL-CONTROLLED INTERSECTIONS......................................................................... 204\u003cbr\u003eCONFLICT, DIVERGENCE AND CROSSING POINTS AND AREAS AT INTERSECTIONS................... 204\u003cbr\u003eSIGNALIZATION AT FOUR-WAY INTERSECTIONS.......................................................... 206\u003cbr\u003eSIGNAL CONTROL............................................................................................... 208\u003cbr\u003eGRADE-SEPARATED (MULTI-LEVEL) INTERSECTIONS................................................... 210\u003cbr\u003eREGULATION PRINCIPLES FOR GRADE-SEPARATED INTERSECTIONS..................................... 210\u003cbr\u003eCONCLUSION............................................................................................................... 214\u003cbr\u003e5. \u003c\/p\u003eCHAPTER:\u003cbr\u003eCAR PARKS........................................................................................................... 217\u003cbr\u003eOVERVIEW OF THE CAR PARK PHENOMENON......................................................... 217\u003cbr\u003eCAR PARK POLICIES.............................................................................................. 218\u003cbr\u003eOLD CAR PARK APPROACH AND PERCEPTION......................................................... 219\u003cbr\u003eNEW CAR PARK APPROACH AND PERCEPTION......................................................... 219\u003cbr\u003eINTEGRATED CAR PARK MANAGEMENT WITH DEMAND MANAGEMENT......................... 219\u003cbr\u003eCAR PARK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES..................................................................... 220\u003cbr\u003exii\u003cbr\u003ePARK \u0026amp; RIDE...................................................................................................... 220\u003cbr\u003eMONETARY METHODS.......................................................................................... 221\u003cbr\u003eMORE ACCURATE AND FLEXIBLE STANDARDS......................................................... 222\u003cbr\u003eOFF-SITE PARKING.............................................................................................. 224\u003cbr\u003eOVERFLOW PARKING PLANS................................................................................ 224\u003cbr\u003eSHARED PARKING................................................................................................ 224\u003cbr\u003eINSTITUTIONAL MEASURES.................................................................................. 225\u003cbr\u003eSEPARATELY SOLD PARKING............................................................................... 226\u003cbr\u003eINFORMATION................................................................................................... 226\u003cbr\u003eSMART PARKING SYSTEM SERVICES....................................................................... 226\u003cbr\u003eCLASSIFICATION OF CAR PARKS............................................................................... 228\u003cbr\u003eCLASSIFICATION BY LOCATION.................................................................................. 228\u003cbr\u003eCLASSIFICATION BY USE......................................................................................... 229\u003cbr\u003eCLASSIFICATION BY DURATION................................................................................ 229\u003cbr\u003eURBAN PARKING AREA PLANNING........................................................................... 229\u003cbr\u003ePRINCIPLES FOR THE ARRANGEMENT OF REGIONAL AND GENERAL CAR PARKS........... 232\u003cbr\u003ePERIPHERAL CAR PARKS OUTSIDE THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT....................... 233\u003cbr\u003eCAR PARKS IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS.......................................................................... 234\u003cbr\u003eCAR PARKS AT WORKPLACES................................................................................... 234\u003cbr\u003eVEHICLE PARKS IN RURAL AREAS............................................................................. 235\u003cbr\u003eBICYCLE PARKS................................................................................................... 235\u003cbr\u003eTHE NETHERLANDS' CAR PARK POLICY.................................................................... 235\u003cbr\u003eGENERAL PLANNING AND DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR PARKING AREAS......................... 237\u003cbr\u003eOFF-STREET (SURFACE) PARKING AREAS GENERAL PLANNING AND DESIGN PRINCIPLES.... 237\u003cbr\u003eWALKING DISTANCES......................................................................................... 237\u003cbr\u003eVEHICLE ACCESS................................................................................................ 238\u003cbr\u003ePEDESTRIAN ACCESS AND CIRCULATION............................................................... 239\u003cbr\u003eLOADING........................................................................................................... 240\u003cbr\u003eREGIONAL CAR PARK ARRANGEMENT....................................................................... 240\u003cbr\u003eFUNCTIONAL AREAS CAR PARK ARRANGEMENT..........","brand":"Birsen Yayınevi","offers":[{"title":"Default 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