Contemporary Structural Systems in Architecture

The structural system is a very important element of the architectural structure and should be considered in conjunction with the architectural design process. Therefore, the structural system designs of buildings should be carried out by architects. For this reason, architects need to have sufficient knowledge of structures. In architecture, systems applied when traditional structural methods are insufficient can be defined as contemporary structural systems. In this study, contemporary structural systems are discussed under two main headings: long-span structures and high-rise buildings. While structures and their structural behaviors are accustomed to being explained with simple illustrations, the aim is to better understand the subject by conducting structural analyses of buildings applied worldwide and considered important due to their structural characteristics.
It is believed that the book will make significant contributions to architectural education. It is hoped that, in addition to students of architecture, civil engineering students, academics interested in structures, and those working in professions related to construction will also benefit from this book.
Prof. Dr. Erkin ERTEN
December 2021

CONTENTS
O. STRUCTURE - general 1-8
1. LONG-SPAN STRUCTURES 9 -192
1.1. FORM-ACTIVE STRUCTURES 1 - 82
1.1.1. Cable Structures 11
1.1.1.1. Cables 11
1.1.1.2. Parallel Cable Structures 15
1.1.1.3. Radial Cable Structures 25
1.1.1.4. Double-Curvature (Biaxial) Cable Structures 26
1.1.1.5. Stayed Cable Structures 36
1.1.1.6. Connections 41
1.1.2. Tent Structures 47
1.1.2.1. Supporting Membranes 48
1.1.2.2. Membranes 59
1.1.3. Air-Supported Structures 61
1.1.3.1. Air-Supported Structures 61
1.1.3.2. Air-Inflated Structures 64
1.1.3.3. Connections 66
1.1.4. Arch Structures 69
1.1.4.1. Fixed (Rigid) Arches 75
1.1.4.2. Two-Hinged Arches 76
1.1.4.3. Hinged Arches 76
1.2. VECTOR-ACTIVE STRUCTURES 83 - 110
1.2.1. Planar Trusses 83
1.2.1.1. Timber Planar Trusses 91
1.2.1.2. Steel Planar Trusses 97
1.2.1.3. Composite Planar Trusses 98
1.2.2. Curved Trusses 102
1.2.3. Space Trusses 103
1.2.4. Space Frame Systems 104
1.3. SECTION-ACTIVE STRUCTURES 111 - 134
1.3.1. Beam Structures 111
1.3.2. Frame Structures 119
1.3.3. Waffle Slab (Grillage) Structures 127
1.3.4. Plate Structures 131
1.4. SURFACE-ACTIVE STRUCTURES 135 -192
1.4.1. Structural Slabs 135
1.4.2. Folded Plate Structures 138
1.4.3. Shell Structures 150
1.4.3.1. Cylindrical Shells 158
1.4.3.2. Spherical Shells - Domes 170
1.4.3.3. Double-Curved Shells 176
2. HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS 193 - 235
2.1. General 193
2.2. Structural Systems in High-Rise Buildings 200
2.3. Wind Effects in High-Rise Buildings 228
2.4. Reduction of Wind Effects 230