Structural Information 2 Lecture Notes

This publication, 'BUILDING KNOWLEDGE 2, LECTURE NOTES', prepared as a continuation of 'BUILDING KNOWLEDGE 1, LECTURE NOTES', which focuses on masonry structures, covers skeletal (carcass) structures, stairs, and roofs.
‘Building Knowledge 2, Lecture Notes’, which addresses theoretical and practical information together, has been prepared by taking into account what is explained in the Building course, what is written and drawn on the board, and what is done in practice.
The difficulties students encounter while trying to access the information they need for building courses are due to the broad scope of the recommended reference books, the lack of up-to-date information in a significant part of them, and the information pollution on these subjects on the internet.
In this publication, the content of the topics whose boundaries I have defined is explained by reviewing and updating them with the knowledge and experience I gained during my long and intense professional life, my practical experiences, and the methods and techniques I developed over the years by evaluating them in the building-related courses I taught at universities.
‘Building Knowledge 2. Lecture Notes’ is a concept book prepared in such a way that students can particularly benefit from it while following building courses, with its limited scope, simple narrative style, freehand drawings, dimensions, page count, and blank pages left for adding notes, all concerning the topics covered in lectures and practices.
This book, which primarily examines and evaluates traditional construction methods, addresses the load-bearing systems and details of Low-Rise Reinforced Concrete Carcass Structures, Wood and Steel Carcass Structures, as well as the load-bearing systems and details of stairs that provide the shortest vertical access between different elevations-floors, and flat and sloped roofs that cover the building from above and protect it from external factors, in order of importance.
The last section includes drawings of system and point details of 1/50 scale Architectural Application Projects for the design of a two-story reinforced concrete carcass building with a basement, as well as formwork and foundation plans for Static-Reinforced Concrete projects.
I would like to thank my wife, Sema Ak, for her unwavering support at every stage of my work on this book, my colleagues who shared their experience and knowledge and provided moral support and encouragement, and my students, who are the essential stakeholders of my work and a source of energy and motivation. With respect and gratitude to my esteemed teacher Hamdi Şensoy...

The building course is known as one of the most important and difficult courses to succeed in architectural education programs. At the Academy of Fine Arts, one of the most important architectural education institutions in our country, in the Department of High Architecture, Sedad Hakkı Eldem and his assistants took on the responsibility of this course in a serious and uncompromising manner.
After the Academy was transformed into Mimar Sinan University, this duty would be carried out as a "Main Branch of Science" within the Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, with the same approach.
The book you are holding now is the second book on the Building course by Y. Architect Nüshet Ak, one of the members of that unit. "Building 2 Lecture Notes" is in the same format as the first book, which contained traditional rough construction elements, and this book, presented with a meticulous freehand drawing technique, covers topics such as foundations, soil, reinforced concrete, wood and steel carcass structures, stairs, and roofs.
In my opinion, it would not be wrong to say that it will be useful not only for architecture students but also for young architects.
Prof. Dr. Gündüz Gökçe
Y. Architect (DGSA) Faculty of Architecture, Ret. Faculty Member

Our dear friend, Y. Architect Nüshet Ak, has produced a highly beneficial work by blending his academic process spanning many years with his professional practices. In the book's content, professional building information is explained in a simple language, and the subjects are supported by exceptionally careful/original drawings. In this context, topics that are explained separately in relevant sources have been successfully addressed and examined holistically.
Although the work has been prepared at an elementary level for students, it is believed that it will be extremely useful for the architectural community, especially for beginners. In this regard, it has been considered a kind of bedside book with its existing content on building information.
I congratulate the author for the intense effort expended and the successful outcome, and I wish it to be beneficial to students and professionals, and I am confident that it will be so.
Prof. Dr. Kaya Özgen.
Civil Engineer (ITU) Faculty of Architecture, Ret. Faculty member.

Half a century ago, we embarked on this journey together.
Nüshet Ak is my classmate. Over the years, we have worked together side by side for education. My colleague, friend, and brother, with whom I have always felt pride, honor, and perhaps trust in being together.
We are travelers on a path that has internalized that architecture is fundamentally "the art of building." Nüshet has demonstrated the courage and success of transferring his professional practice and educational gains over many years to his students.
He had previously published "Building Knowledge 1 Lecture Notes." With this work, he has also achieved the second leg of classical building teaching.
Nüshet Ak does not claim to produce a scientific or scholarly product with these publications. The purpose of his work is to provide a solid, correct, and understandable reference book in the field of Building to students studying architecture. He has presented a well-equipped and comprehensive resource that students, who cannot always be with their instructors, can refer to.
For this original work, which has been distilled through the sieve of many years and transferred to paper with manual effort, I say "well done" to Ak. I congratulate him heartily.
Prof. Dr. Yavuz Koşaner
Y. Architect (DGSA); MSc (Arch); PhD (Manchest)

This work brings together information from an educator's journey that can shed light on students and professional practice, alongside accumulated knowledge and practical experience. At least, I directly witnessed the last 13 years of this adventure. I learned by living this process and had the chance to use its inferences in both education and practice.
I also witnessed my professor's meticulousness, patience, and his effort to not settle for the level he reached, even though it was ready for publication at every stage.
‘Building Knowledge II Lecture Notes’ is truly shaped as the product of a process where the experiences of the teaching process meet learning practice, and workshops turn into laboratories. It has undergone a strong filter to take its place as one of the reference works in education and practice.
I hope and wish that my professor's next books will also be of the same value.
Sadrettin Soylu
Y. Architect (DGSA), Lecturer

I am fortunate to have been a student of my esteemed Professor, who contributed greatly to my architectural journey, during the period when his book ‘Building Knowledge 1 Lecture Notes’ was published. I believe that “Building Knowledge 2 Lecture Notes” also serves as a guiding resource for architecture students and architects who continue to learn.
In his book, he conveys his professional experiences in an architectural language, without neglecting tradition, he appropriately summarizes the building systems used today, all building elements and their details for those who want to design and construct buildings, and also creates an introduction to building information.
Among the most useful topics throughout the book are the explanation of the design of reinforced concrete frame structures and the staircase, one of the most important elements of a building, with system and point details, which were difficult to understand as a student.
In this era when we can easily access sources where right and wrong information cannot be distinguished, I would like to thank my esteemed Professor Nüshet for his contributions to reaching correct information, on behalf of all students and architects who think like me.
Gizem Ercan
Architect, Işık University

CHAPTER HEADINGS
A. STRUCTURES AND LOAD-BEARING SYSTEMS.
B. CONCRETE-REINFORCED CONCRETE.
C. REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES.
D. REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES AND LOADS.
E. REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES AND EXTERNAL FACTORS.
F. REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURE COMPONENTS.
G. DISASTER REGULATION (REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES).
H. REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURE DESIGN.
İ. WOOD FRAME STRUCTURES (TRADITIONAL).
J. STEEL FRAME STRUCTURES.
K. LIGHT STEEL STRUCTURES.
L. CONTAINERS.
M. VERTICAL CIRCULATION ELEMENTS-STAIRS.
N. ROOFS.
O. BUILDING PROJECT AND ATTACHMENTS.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. STRUCTURES AND STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS……………………………………………...15
1. About structures and structural systems…………………………………………...…16
1.1. Primitive structures.
1.2. Masonry structures.
1.3. Framed structures.
1.4. Large-span structures.
1.5. High-rise structures.
1.6. Suspended-tension systems.
1.7. Pneumatic systems.
2. Basic conditions for structures and structural systems……………………………….17
2. 1. Equilibrium.
2. 2. Stability.
2. 3. Strength.
2. 4. Optimal Load-bearing Capacity.
2. 5. Functional Suitability.
B. CONCRETE-REINFORCED CONCRETE………………………………………………………………19
1. Structural binders…………………………………………………......................20
1. 1. Ancient Roman cement.
1. 2. Khorasan mortar.
2. Concrete-reinforced concrete and its components......................................................20
2. 1. Portland Cement.
2. 2. Aggregates.
2. 3. Concrete.
2. 4. Reinforcement.
3. Lean concrete...........................................................................................................22
4. Concrete and reinforced concrete.........................................................................22
4. 1. Concepts related to Concrete and Reinforced Concrete.
4. 2. Desired properties of concrete.
4. 3. Classification of concretes.
C. REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMED STRUCTURES...................................................27
1. About reinforced concrete framed structures...............................................................28
1. 1. Cast-in-place reinforced concrete framed structures.*
1. 2. Pre-fabricated reinforced concrete framed structures.
2. Cast-in-place reinforced concrete framed structures.......................................................28
2. 1. Low-rise reinforced concrete framed structures. *
2. 2. Multi-story (High-rise) reinforced concrete framed structures.
2. 3. Large-span reinforced concrete framed structures.
3. Low-rise reinforced concrete framed structures...................................................30
D. REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMED STRUCTURES AND LOADS.............................................31
1. Static loads......................................................................................................32
1. 1. Permanent loads. (Dead loads).
1. 2. Temporary loads. (Live loads)
2. Dynamic loads..................................................................................................32
3. Thermal deformations (Thermal expansion, fire)..........................................33
4. Aerodynamic oscillations (Wind loads, hurricane, tornado.).............................33
5. Mechanical loads (Machine vibrations, braking.)........................................................33
6. Hydrodynamic loads (Flood, inundation, groundwater.)..............................................33
7. Loads and deformation in reinforced concrete framed structures...................................34
8. Expansion joints (Expansion joints)....................................................................34
E. REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMED STRUCTURES AND EXTERNAL EFFECTS......................................37
1. Basements, ground and groundwater..............................................................38
2. External walls and facade systems...................................................................38
2. 1. Reflection of the Reinforced Concrete Frame System on the Facade.
2. 2. Plain-insulated-cavity walls.
2. 3. Curtain walls;
2. 4. Structural system in curtain walls;
2. 5. Window band;
2. 6. Parapet band;
2. 7. Floor-to-floor glass systems.
2. 8. Structural glass facades.
2. 9. Sun control on facades.
2. 10. Facade shading panels, screen facades.
2. 11. Facade cleaning.
3. Internal wall systems in reinforced concrete framed structures..........................................46
3. 1. Qualities required in partition walls.
3. 2. Permanent (Heavy-fixed) partition walls.
3. 3. Demountable (Lightweight) partition walls.
F. REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMED BUILDING COMPONENTS..................................................49
1. Reinforced concrete slabs......................................................................................50
1. 1. Reinforced concrete slab floors.
1. 2. Ribbed slabs.
1. 3. Hollow block slabs.
1. 4. Filigree slabs.
1. 5. Beamless slabs.
1. 6. Mushroom slabs.
2. Reinforced concrete beams............................................................................................52
2. 1. Reinforced concrete beams.
2. 2. Supports.
2. 3. According to their position with supports.
2. 4. According to their sections.
2. 5. Gusset.
2. 6. Pre-tensioning - post-tensioning.
2. 7. Deflection.
3. Reinforced concrete columns..........................................................................................58
3. 1. About reinforced concrete columns.
3. 2. Columns according to their stirrups.
4. Reinforced concrete shear walls..........................................................................................59
4. 1. Reinforced concrete load-bearing shear walls.
4. 2. Reinforced concrete shear walls.
5. Reinforced concrete foundations..........................................................................................61
5. 1. Shallow foundations.
5. 2 Deep foundations.
G. DISASTER REGULATION AND REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMED STRUCTURES.........................67
1. Earthquake design...............................................................................................68
2. Disaster regulation................................................................................................68
3. Unwanted irregularities in structural systems...........................................68
4. Mass and stiffness centers................................................................................68
5. Soft stories................................................-.......................................................69
6. Column-beam design..........................................................................................69
7. Foundation structure and basement...................................................................70
H. REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMED BUILDING DESIGN........................................................75
1. Low-rise Reinforced concrete framed building structural systems........................................76
2. Architectural plans and sections.................................................................................76
3. Formwork Plans and sections.................................................................................79
4. Foundation-Excavation plans and sections.......................................................80
5. Reinforcement details.................................................................................................80
6. String line and application..................................................................................81
I. TIMBER FRAMED STRUCTURES............................................................................101
1. About timber and timber framed structures.....................................................102
2. Traditional timber framed structures..................................................................104
2. 1. Timber Framed Structures according to their structural constructions.
2. 2. Timber framed structures according to their regions.
3. Structural systems in traditional timber framed structures...............................105
3. 1. Structural systems in timber framed structures.
3. 2. Wall systems in timber framed structures.
3. 3. Partition walls in timber framed structures.
3. 4. Support for Cantilevers;
4. Timber joisted floors.................................................................................114
4. 1. Joining of Floor Joists.
4. 2. Insulation in timber joisted floors.
4. 3. Masonry wall and chimney penetrations in timber joisted floors.
4. 4. Main beams.
4. 5. Timber flooring - Ceiling coverings.
5. Timber ceiling coverings...............................................................................116
J. STEEL FRAMED STRUCTURES..............................................................................123
1. About steel framed structures........................................................................124
2. Structural steel structures...................................................................................125
2. 1. Standard products used in structural steel structures.
2. 2. Structural systems used in structural steel structures.
2. 3. Connection points and types in structural steel structures.
3. Steel structures and loads....................................................................................137
4. Structural steel building components.....................................................................137
4. 1. Structural steel foundations and steel connections.
4. 2. Floor systems. (Beamed-composite slabs).
4. 3. Facade systems. (Panel, suspended-curtain walls).
4. 4. Steel roof systems and roof coverings.
5. Fire resistance and corrosion protection in steel structures....................137
K. LIGHT GAUGE STEEL STRUCTURES..................................................................139
1. About light gauge steel structures............................................................................140
2. Light gauge steel profiles.................................................................................140
3. Connection elements in light gauge steel structures......................................141
4. Light gauge steel structural systems...............................................................141
4. 1. Rod systems.
4. 2. Panel systems.
4. 3. Module systems.
5. Light gauge steel building components..............................................................142
5. 1. Light gauge steel foundations.
5. 2. Floor systems in light gauge steel structures.
5. 3. Wall systems in light gauge steel structures.
5. 4. Roof systems in light gauge steel structures.
5. 5. Stairs in light gauge steel structures.
6. Thermal-sound insulation in light gauge steel structures..............................................145
L. CONTAINERS............................................................................................153
1. About containers...................................................................................................154
2. Container design.........................................................................................154
3. Standard container dimensions.........................................................................154
4. Container constructions.........................................................................154
5. Areas of use.............................................................................................155
6. Specially manufactured container homes.....................................................................155
M. VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS-STAIRS............................................159
1. About Vertical Transportation Systems................................................................160
2. Stair components and dimensions..................................................................161
2. 1. Treads - Risers.
2. 2. Step rule. Slope.
2. 3. Landings, stair flights.
2. 4. Stair width, unit exit.
3. Headroom in stairs..........................................................................175
4. Balancing. (Balancing)................................................................................177
5. Classification of stairs......................................................................189
5. 1. Stairs according to their function.
5. 2. Stairs according to their slope.
5. 3. Stairs according to their shape.
5. 4. Stairs according to their construction.
5. 5. Stairs according to their material.
5. 5. 1. Reinforced Concrete Stairs
5. 5. 2. Wooden stairs
5. 5. 3. Metal (Steel) Stairs
6. Safety in stairs..............................................................................................222
6. 1. Railings, balustrades.
6. 2. Handrails.
7. Stair design...........................................................................................230
N. ROOFS..........................................................................................................233
1. About roofs..............................................................................................234
2. Classification of roofs...............................................................................234
2. 1. According to their shape.
2. 2. According to their covering.
2. 3. According to their construction.
2. 4. According to their slope.
2. 5. Roofs according to their material.
3. Roof construction plans............................................................................246
4. Roof details...................................................................................................255
5. Chimneys.............................................................................................................255
6. Sheet metal work.............................................................................................258
O. BUILDING PROJECT AND ATTACHMENTS.............................................................................267
1. Low-rise reinforced concrete framed structures
2. Architectural projects
2. 1. Site plan.
2. 2. Plans.
2. 3. Sections.
2. 4. Elevations.
2. 5. System details and details.
3. Static and reinforced concrete projects
3. 1. Formwork plans.
3. 2. Foundation plans.
3. 3. Beam reinforcement schedules.
3. 4. Stair details.
3. 5. Column application plans.