Construction Operation and Cost Accounts

FOREWORD

Technical personnel working in construction have various duties. These duties, which are multifaceted in today's working life, can be summarized as legal, economic, managerial, social, and financial. Fulfilling these duties well will undoubtedly be achieved by learning and applying the necessary knowledge. Our book has been prepared to assist our young technical personnel both during their education and in their practical applications in working life. We would be delighted to be informed of any shortcomings found in the work. Sincerely. Adana, 1976 ALİ PANCARCI - M. EMİN ÖCAL

FOREWORD TO THE ELEVENTH EDITION

Parallel to the growing understanding of the importance of project management knowledge in construction production in our country, the interest of technical personnel in this subject has increased. The book "Construction Management and Cost Accounting" has completed its forty-second year of publication, contributing to knowledge in project management. It is a rare achievement for technical books to remain in publication for such a long time. As its authors, we are delighted to have served technical personnel at all levels in our country for so many years. We thank our readers, who have given us this joy with their interest, and Birsen Publishing House. The eleventh edition of the book, which has been updated based on suggestions from our readers, is now at your service. We hope it continues to contribute to your success.

Sincerely, Istanbul, 2018 Ali PANCARCI - M. Emin ÖCAL

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE PREPARATION FOR CONSTRUCTION

1.1. Introduction… ..............................................................................................................................1

1 1.2. Site and Land Selection ....................................................................................................... 1

1 1.3. Project Preparation .....................................................................................................1

 1.4. Preparation of Technical Specifications and Contract .............................................................. 4

 1.5. Construction Permit (Obtaining License) ............................................................................13

14 1.6. Initial Cost Estimate of Construction ........................................................................................ 17

1.7. Selection of Contractor and Supervising Personnel ........................... 17

CHAPTER TWO LEGAL REGULATIONS RELATED TO CONSTRUCTION

2.1. General Assessment ...................................................................................................... 23

2.2. Legal Regulations Related to Construction Works ........................................................................ 24

2.3. Monitoring Legal Regulations ..................................................................................... 25

2.4. Monitoring Standards.................................................................................................... 30

2.5. Utilizing Expert Opinion ................................................................................................. 37

2.6. Zoning Law ..................................................................................................................... 37

2.7. Planned Areas Type Zoning Regulation ............................................................................... 38

2.8. Municipal Zoning Regulation ............................................................................................. 41

CHAPTER THREE QUANTITY SURVEY WORKS

3.1. Quantity Survey ............................................................................................................. 42

3.2. Quantity Survey Summary .................................................................................................... 45

CHAPTER FOUR UNIT PRICE APPLICATION IN CONSTRUCTION WORKS

4.1. Definition ............................................................................................................................. 52

4.2. Determining the Unit of Building Elements ..................................................................... 52

4.3. Formation of Unit Price ............................................................................................ 52

4.4. Validity Period of Unit Prices.................................................................................... 57

4.5. Unit Price Application in Public Construction ............................................................ 57

4.6. Other Expenses to Consider in Unit Price Bidding Works ......................................... 58

4.7. Calculation of Unaccounted Expenses in Public Construction ............. 59

4.8. Calculation of Transportation Costs in Public Construction .................................................. 59

CHAPTER FIVE ESTIMATION

5.1. Introduction… ............................................................................................................................ 65

5.2. Preliminary Estimate ......................................................................................................... 65

5.3. Estimate Summary ...................................................................................................... 68

5.4. Final Estimate ..................................................................................................... 69

5.5. Updating the Final Estimate Cost ........................................................................ 69

CHAPTER SIX CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS AND CONTRACTS

6.1. Introduction… ............................................................................................................................ 76

6.2. Technical Specifications ............................................................................................................. 76

6.3. Contract… ..................................................................................................................... 77

6.4. Preparation of Specifications and Contracts in Public Construction .............................................. 78

6.5. Standard Contract for Construction Works..................................................................... 80

6.6. General Specifications for Construction Works ........................................................................ 86

CHAPTER SEVEN TENDER TYPES AND PREPARATION OF TENDER DOCUMENTATION

7.1. Definition ........................................................................................................................... 111

7.2. Tender Types ................................................................................................................ 111

7.3. Preparation of Tender Document ...................................................................................... 114

7.4. Announcement of Tender ................................................................................................... 115

7.5. Determination of Suitable Contractor ................................................................................. 116

7.6. Signing of Final Contract ................................................................................... 116

7.7. Calculation of Tender Price to be Offered by Contractor .......................................... 116

7.8. Tender Procedures in Public Construction ................................................................................ 122

CHAPTER EIGHT WORK SCHEDULES

8.1. Bar Chart Scheduling Method (Gantt Chart) .............................................................. 131

8.2. Modern Scheduling Methods ................................................................................. 145

8.2.1. Network Diagrams Showing Activities with Arrows .................................................... 145

8.2.2. Network Diagrams Showing Activities with Boxes ........................................... 160

8.3. Use of Computers in Preparing Work Schedules .......................................... 163

CHAPTER NINE CONSTRUCTION SITES

9.1. Site Organization.................................................................................................. 165

9.2. Site Project Preliminary Preparation .......................................................................................... 166

9.3. Arrangement of Site Project ........................................................................................... 167

9.4. Establishment of the Construction Site .................................................................................... 188

9.5. Construction Machinery Used on Site ............................................................................... 188

CHAPTER TEN SUPERVISION OF CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTION

10.1. Definition ......................................................................................................................... 227

10.2. Current Supervision Practice in the Construction Sector ......................................................... 227

10.2.1. Supervision of Construction Works Other Than Public Construction ............................................... 227

10.2.2. Supervision of Public Construction ............................................................................. 230

CHAPTER ELEVEN PROGRESS PAYMENT REPORTS

11.1. Definition ......................................................................................................................... 232

11.2. Progress Payment in Unit Price Tenders.......................................................................... 232

11.3. Progress Payment in Turnkey Tenders .................................................................. 236

11.4. Progress Payment in Cost-Plus-Profit Tenders.................................................................. 236 1

1.5. Preparation of Progress Payments in Public Construction ............................................ 237 1

1.6. Content of Calculations in Progress Payment and an Example ................................... 247

CHAPTER TWELVE TEMPORARY AND FINAL ACCEPTANCE PROCEDURES

12.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 287

12.2. Acceptance Procedures in Public Buildings .............................................................. 287

12.3. Return of Guarantee and Clearance .................................................................. 289

12.4. Acceptance Procedures in Privately Owned Buildings ............................................................ 289

12.1. Regulation on Inspection and Acceptance of Construction Works ........................................ 291

CHAPTER THIRTEEN QUANTITY SURVEY AND ESTIMATE APPLICATION

13.1. Method ....................................................................................................................... 298

13.2. Location (place) List...................................................................................................... 298

13.3. Excavation Works ................................................................................................... 299

13.4. Concrete Works ................................................................................................................. 299

13.5. Foundation Walls .......................................................................................................... 299

13.6. Brick Wall Works ....................................................................................................... 300

13.7. Reinforced Concrete Rebar ................................................................................................... 300

13.8. Formwork .................................................................................................................. 300

13.9. Door and Window Joinery ...................................................................................... 300

13.10. Roofing Works .......................................................................................................... 300

13.11. Quantity Survey Application .................................................................................................... 304

13.11.1. Manual Excavation of Soft Soil (on Pavement) ....................................................... 304

13.11.2. Narrow Deep Soil Excavation ........................................................................................ 305

13.11.3. Unreinforced Concrete, 150 Dose ..................................................................... 305

13.11.4. Pipe Laying with Ø 20 cm Inner Diameter ........................................................ 305

13.11.5. Reinforced Concrete (B225) ............................................................................................. 305

13.11.6. Stone Foundation Wall ................................................................................................... 306

13.11.7. Embankment Construction .................................................................................................... 306

13.11.8. Quarry Stone Blocking .............................................................................. 307

13.11.9. Unreinforced Concrete ...................................................................................................... 307

13.11.10. Cement Mortar Brick Wall ............................................................................... 307

13.11.11. Half Brick Wall .............................................................................................. 308

13.11.12. Reinforced Concrete (B225) .................................................................................. 308

13.11.13. Roof Covering ........................................................................................................... 309

13.11.14. Ridge Construction ................................................................................................. 309

13.11.15. Reinforced Concrete Formwork ................................................................................................. 309

13.11.16. Wooden Series Formwork .................................................................................................. 311

13.11.17. Wooden Boarding Under Roof Covering ....................................................... 311

13.11.18. Construction of Common Rafter Roof ........................................................................ 311

13.11.19. Solid Frame for Exterior Doors ................................................................ 311

13.11.20. Solid Frame for Interior Doors .................................................................. 311

13.11.21. Exterior Door Leaf with Solid Panel ............................................................ 312

13.11.22. Interior Door Leaf with Plywood Panel ........................................................ 313

13.11.23. Single-Sided Window with Frame and Architrave .................................................... 313

13.11.24. Window Sashes ................................................................................................. 314

13.11.25. Concrete Steels ..................................................................................................... 314

13.11.26. Vertical Rainwater Pipe Installation ........................................................................ 315

13.11.27. Rain Gutter made of No. 12 Zinc, 110 mm. Wide .................................... 315

13.11.28. Provision and Installation of 120 mm Cast Iron Downpipes ....................................... 315

13.11.29. Stove Hole Mouth and Cover Made of No. 12 Zinc ................................... 315

13.11.30. Chimney Cleaning Box Made of No. 12 Zinc ......................................... 315

13.11.31. Chimney Edge Made of No. 12 Zinc, 50 cm Wide ................................. 315

13.11.32. Three Coats of Oil Paint on New Wooden Surfaces .............................................. 315

13.11.33. Tile Installation ........................................................................................ 317

13.11.34. Lime Mortar Interior Plastering ............................................................................. 317

13.11.35. Cement-Lime Mortar Flat Ceiling Plastering .............................................. 318

13.11.36. Lime and Cement Mixed Mortar Flat Exterior Plastering ................................. 318

13.11.37. Exterior Roughcast Plastering ............................................................................... 319

13.11.38. Ceramic Tile Installation for Kitchen and Bathroom Flooring ....................................... 319

13.11.39. Terrazzo Mosaic Flooring .................................................................. 319

13.11.40. Skirting Board Installation ........................................................................................... 319

13.11.41. Three Coats of White Lime Wash ................................................................ 320

13.11.42. Three Coats of Colored Plastic Paint .............................................................. 320

13.11.43. Colored Waterproof Paint ........................................................................................ 320

13.11.44. Trowel-Finished Screed ................................................................................................ 320

13.11.45. Installation of 3 mm Thick Normal Flat Glass ................................................... 320

13.11.46. Installation of Frosted Glass on Wooden Door Leaves ..................................................... 320

13.11.47. Window Sill Installation ................................................................................................ 320

13.11.48. Work Scaffolding ............................................................................................................. 321

13.11.49. Formwork Scaffolding ....................................................................................................... 321

CHAPTER FOURTEEN MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND URBANIZATION UNIT PRICE SYSTEM

14.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 324

14.2. Public Works Unit Price System ................................................................................... 324

14.1. Unit Price List Example ..................................................................................... 328 Annex

14.2. Unit Price Definitions Example ................................................................................... 329 Annex

14.3. Unit Price Analysis Example .................................................................................... 332 Annex

14.4. Current Price List Example .............................................................................................. 333 Annex

14.5. Technical Specifications ................................................................................................... 334

CHAPTER FIFTEEN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION WORKS

15.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 337

15.2. Risk Level of the Construction Sector in Terms of Occupational Accidents ................................. 337

15.3. Current Practice Regarding Occupational Safety Measures in Construction Works ............................ 340

15.4. Health and Safety Plan in Construction Works .................................................................... 343

15.5. Health and Safety Measures to be Taken During Construction Phases ........................ 351

15.6. Importance of Checklists in Occupational Health and Safety ............................................... 358

15.7. Responsibilities Arising from an Occupational Accident .................................................... 359

APPENDICES ....................................................................................................................... 365

APPENDIX 1. Planned Areas Type Zoning Regulation .......................................................................... 366