Building Technology 1

Foreword
Today, construction technology has developed significantly. In addition to the building materials used in the past, many new and different materials are being used in construction.
Thousands of construction students studying in high school and higher education, engineers, technicians, masters, and workers interested in construction, as well as those who sell these materials, must know not only the materials used in construction but also how a job is done, the names of the jobs, the names of the job elements, etc.
The construction sector caters to a very wide area and has to work with many main professions. For this purpose, a construction engineer and technician must also learn some knowledge of machinery, electricity, architecture, plumbing, and surveying in addition to their own fields.
It has currently been prepared for publication in two volumes.
The existing topics that we have tried to fit into the book Construction Technology 1, which we tried to write, are explained as Excavation, Foundation Works, Reinforcements, Bearing Capacity of the Soil, Application of the Structure to the Soil, Retaining Walls, Walls, Arches, Vaults and Domes, Chimneys, Roofs, Stairs, which form the infrastructure of a construction. With these topics, we have exceeded four hundred pages. The second book on the remaining topics is ready for publication and will also be published.
As you appreciate, each of these headings has the capacity to fill a book. When choosing the topics and creating their content, an effort was made to write them in the most understandable way. There have undoubtedly been deficiencies.I present these extensive insights for your consideration. I hope they will be beneficial to you.
Müslim AVCIOĞLU
10-06-2011

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1ST CHAPTER
DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING TO THEIR OWNERSHIP
CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES ACCORDING TO THEIR CONDITION ON THE GROUND
CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES ACCORDING TO THEIR CONTINUITY
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE PURPOSE OF USE
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO LOAD-BEARING ELEMENTS
CHAPTER
FOUNDATION SOIL AND FOUNDATION STRUCTURES
FOUNDATION SOIL AND FOUNDATION STRUCTURES
1 INTRODUCTION TO SOILS
Soil
Foundation Soil
Formation of Soils
In-situ Soils
Transported and Accumulated (Sedimentary) Soils
Fill Soils
Structure of Soils
Dispersed Granular Soils
Honeycomb Structured Soils
Gravelly Soils
Earth-structured Soils
Spongy Structured Soils
Origin of Soils
Soils According to Load Bearing Capacity
Foundation Soil Investigations
Methods Applied for Soil Investigations
Investigation and Test Pits
Excavating Sample Pits with Hand Tools
Soil Investigation by Drilling
Planning
Field Work
LOADING TESTS
CHAPTER
EXCAVATION DEPTH AND SHORING
FOUNDATION EXCAVATION
PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN DURING FOUNDATION EXCAVATIONS
EXCAVATION DEPTH
FOUNDATION EXCAVATIONS WITH VERTICAL SIDES
SLOPED EXCAVATIONS
EXCAVATIONS WITH EARTH-RETAINING STRUCTURES
SHORING
SHORING SYSTEMS
Timber Shoring
Shoring for Narrow Excavations
Shoring for Wide Excavations
Reinforced Concrete Shoring
Intersecting Piles
Prestressed Anchors
SHEET PILES
Timber Sheet Piles
Steel Sheet Piles
Reinforced Concrete Sheet Piles
COFFERDAMS
Timber Cofferdams
Earth Cofferdams
Steel Cofferdams
Concrete and Reinforced Concrete Cofferdams
DEWATERING OF GROUNDWATER FROM THE FOUNDATION
Groundwater lowering
Water retention by soil compaction
Water retention by freezing method
Water retention by petrification method
Water retention by chemical method
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN IN EXCAVATION WORKS
4TH CHAPTER
APPLICATION OF PLANS TO THE GROUND (LAYOUT)
Definition
REQUIRED DOCUMENTS AND INFORMATION
COURSE OF ACTION
GENERAL RULES IN LAYOUT
LAYOUT ON GRAPHIC MAPS
IF POLYGON POINTS EXIST ON THE GROUND;
LAYOUT ON CLASSIC MAPS
IF GROUND CONTROL POINTS ARE PRESENT ON THE GROUND
IF GROUND CONTROL POINTS ARE NOT PRESENT ON THE GROUND
LAYOUT ON PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MAPS
LAYOUT ON DIGITAL MAPS
LAYOUT OF BUILDING CORNERS
INSTALLATION OF STRING LINES
POSITION LAYOUT OF BUILDINGS
Method Applied on Construction Sites
Surveying Engineering Measurement Method
CHAPTER
CLASSIFICATION OF FOUNDATIONS
DEFINITION
SHALLOW (SURFACE) FOUNDATIONS
SURFACE FOUNDATIONS ON DRY GROUND
ISOLATED FOOTINGS
Simple Foundation
Individual Footing
Combined Footings
Individual Footings with Tie Beams
Sizing of Isolated Footings
CONTINUOUS SURFACE FOUNDATIONS OR AREA FOUNDATIONS (STRIP, CONTINUOUS, STRIP FOOTINGS)
Wall Footing
Grillage Foundations
Cantilever Beam Foundation
Continuous Foundations
Sizing of Continuous Foundations
RAFT FOUNDATIONS
Continuous Slabs
Slabs with Beams on Top
Slabs with Beams on Bottom
Mushroom Raft Foundations
Inverted Arches
Rigid Foundation
Foundations Built on Sand and Gravel Fill
Timber Grillage Foundation
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS CONSTRUCTED UNDERWATER
Foundation built on rock fill
Foundation with Stone Caissons
Foundation with Blocks
Foundation on Underwater Concrete Pour
Foundation with Open Caissons
Foundation with Floating Caissons
DEEP AND FLOATING FOUNDATIONS
FOUNDATIONS CONSTRUCTED IN OPEN EXCAVATION PITS
PILE FOUNDATIONS
Driven Piles
Cast-in-situ (Bored) Piles (BORED PILES)
Piles without casing
Komart Piles
Compress Piles
Express Pile
Piles with casing
Mast Piles
Raymond Piles
Stren Piles
Jansen Pile
Abolorenz Piles
Benoto Piles
Piles with Casing Removed (Bored Piles) -
Franki Piles
Simplex Piles
VVolfolz Piles
Straus Piles
Calculation Principles for Bored Piles
FOUNDATIONS MADE WITH WELLS OR CAISSONS
Open Well Caissons
Pneumatic Caissons
Floating Caisson Foundations
PILE SYSTEMS ACCORDING TO BEARING CAPACITY
End-Bearing Piles
Friction Piles
PILE FOUNDATION GROUPS
PILES FOR SOIL COMPACTION
RULES TO BE OBSERVED IN FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN IN CONSTRUCTION WORKS
PART ONE
GENERAL PROVISIONS
PART TWO
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN IN CONSTRUCTION WORKS
RETAINING WALLS
DEFINITION
CONSTRUCTION METHODS OF RETAINING WALLS ACCORDING TO GROUND CONDITIONS
WALL BELOW GROUND LEVEL
WALL AT GROUND LEVEL
WALL ABOVE GROUND LEVEL
RETAINING WALL CONSTRUCTION METHODS
RETAINING WALLS ACCORDING TO MATERIALS USED
CLASSIFICATION
STONE RETAINING WALLS
Rock Gabions
Dry-laid rubble stone walls
Mortared rubble stone walls
REINFORCED CONCRETE RETAINING WALLS
Monolithic Reinforced Concrete Wall
Stepped Reinforced Concrete Wall
Precast Reinforced Concrete Walls
Reinforced Earth Walls
GEOWALL
WALLS
DEFINITION
CHARACTERISTICS REQUIRED FOR WALLS
TOOLS USED IN WALL CONSTRUCTION
TYPES OF WALLS
LOAD-BEARING WALLS
Load-bearing walls constructed with masonry technique
Walls constructed with skeleton technique
NON-LOAD-BEARING WALLS
STONE WALLS
STONES USED IN WALL CONSTRUCTION
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STONES
IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS IN STONE WALL MASONRY
TYPES OF STONE WALLS
Rubble Stone Wall
Roughly Dressed Stone Wall
Finely Dressed Stone Wall
Ashlar Stone Walls
BRICK WALLS
FIRED BRICKS
SPECIAL PURPOSE BRICKS
Ramp Bricks
Kerb Bricks
Channel Bricks
Step Bricks
Post Base Bricks
Grass Bricks
Poolside Bricks
Tactile Paving Bricks for the Visually Impaired
Brick Chips
Mosaic Parquet
Special Corner Connection Bricks
Exterior and Interior Concave Turn
Angled Convex Turn
Vertical Turn
Small Oval Corner
Rod Brick
POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED IN APPLICATION
UNFIRED BRICKS
Glass bricks
BREEZE BLOCKS
PUMICE BLOCKS
MORTARS USED IN WALL CONSTRUCTION
NON-HYDRAULIC (AIR-SETTING) MORTARS)
Lime mortar
Gypsum mortar
Clay mortar
HYDRAULIC MORTARS (WATER-SETTING MORTARS)
Mortar made with pozzolanic lime
Cement mortar
WALL MASONRY
When laying brick walls, the following points must be observed;
TYPES OF BONDING
STRETCHER BOND
LOCK BOND
STAGGERED BOND
STRAIGHT SOLDIER BOND
CATONA BONDING
SANDWICH WALL
WALL INTERSECTIONS
Door and Window Reveals
Right Angle Corner Connection
Wide Angle Corner Connection
Acute Angle Corner Connection
Vertical Dowels
Inclined Dowels
Vertical and Inclined Intersections
PIER WALLS
BRICK COLUMNS
CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS
CONCRETE WALL
REINFORCED CONCRETE WALL
COMPOSITE WALLS
CLADDED WALLS
CAVITY WALLS
DRYWALL PANEL WALL
WOODEN WALL
METAL WALLS
VAULTS and DOMES
ARCHES
ELEMENTS FORMING THE ARCH
TYPES OF ARCHES
Flat arch
Bulging and Flat Arches
Full Arch
Basket-handle Arches
Three-centered basket-handle arch
Five-centered Basket-handle Arch
Pointed Arches
Depressed Pointed Arch
Normal Pointed Arch
Ogee Arch
Sait Arch
Sait Arches Drawn with Auxiliary Circles and Lines
Sait Arches Drawn with Quarter Circles
Elliptical Arches
Elliptical Arches Drawn with Auxiliary Circles and Lines
Elliptical Arches Drawn with Auxiliary Circles
Four-Centered Compound Arch and Byzantine Style Arch
ARCH MASONRY
ARCHES MADE OF STONE
ARCH FORMS
VAULTS
DOMES
CYLINDRICAL DOMES
Vaulted Dome
Barrel Vault Dome
Mirror Dome
Monastery Dome
Cruciform Domes
Cross Dome
Ribbed Cross (Gothic) Dome
Star (Segmented) Cross Dome
ROUND DOMES
Round Dome
Byzantine Style Dome
Bohemian Dome
Umbrella-shaped Dome
DOME FORMS
CHAPTER
CHIMNEYS
SMOKE CHIMNEYS
STOVE CHIMNEYS
Condensation in Chimneys
SHUNT CHIMNEY
HEATING CHIMNEYS
CLASSIC SYSTEM CHIMNEYS
UNIVERSAL SYSTEM CHIMNEYS
COMPARISON OF CLASSIC-UNIVERSAL SYSTEM
STAINLESS STEEL CHIMNEYS
SINGLE-WALLED CHIMNEY SYSTEMS
DOUBLE-WALLED CHIMNEY SYSTEMS
INDUSTRIAL CHIMNEY SYSTEMS
AIR CHIMNEYS
INDIVIDUAL VENTILATION CHIMNEYS
MIXED AIR CHIMNEY SYSTEM
COMMON AIR CHIMNEY SYSTEM
GARBAGE CHIMNEYS
INSTALLATION CHIMNEYS
NATURAL GAS CHIMNEYS
CHIMNEY CROSS-SECTION CALCULATION FOR CENTRAL HEATING
10TH CHAPTER
ROOFS
DEFINITION
ROOFS ACCORDING TO THEIR SLOPES
FLAT ROOFS
NORMAL ROOFS
PITCHED ROOFS
ROOF SLOPE
TYPES OF ROOFS
GABLE ROOFS
HIP ROOF
SHED ROOFS
MANSARD ROOFS
POINTED (PAVILION OR CONICAL) ROOF
SAWTOOTH ROOFS
LANTERN ROOFS
WINGED ROOF
CYLINDRICAL ROOF
FOLDED PLATE ROOF
DOME ROOF
BUTTERFLY ROOF
COMBINED ROOFS
ROOF ARRANGEMENT ACCORDING TO PLAN
EAVELESS ROOFS
FLAT EAVED ROOFS
OVERHANGING EAVED ROOFS
ROOFS WITH CORNICES AND EAVES
ROOFS WITH PARAPET WALLS
HIDDEN ROOFS
BALANCING OF ROOFS
DEVELOPMENT OF ROOF AREAS AND FINDING THEIR TRUE LENGTHS
FINDING TRUE LENGTH BY PROJECTION METHOD
FINDING TRUE LENGTH BY TRIGONOMETRIC METHOD
FINDING TRUE LENGTH BY GEOMETRIC METHOD
CONSTRUCTION OF ROOFS
COMMON RAFTER ROOFS
SUSPENDED ROOFS
Single King Post Truss
Double King Post Truss
Triple King Post Truss
Lean-to Roof Trusses
Multi-Span Suspended Roof Trusses
SPACE FRAMES
Areas of Use
Advantages
Node Points
Bolts, Nuts and Pins
Bars and Conical Parts
Supports
Cladding
PURLINS, DIAGONAL BRACES AND VALLEYS
Corrosion Protection
Galvanized coating
Paint
Galvanized Coating
Assembly
Space Frame System Model Details
Space System Node Details
Support Sphere Details
Valley and Cladding Details
Lighting and Ventilation Detail
Purlin Detail
Space System Bar Types
TINSMITHING WORKS
DEFINITION
ROOF EAVES, GUTTERS
HANGING GUTTERS
HIDDEN GUTTERS
WALL BASES, CHIMNEY FLASHINGS
ROOF CAPS
VALLEY RIDGES
INLET PIPES
DOWNPIPES
CHIMNEY HOLE COVER AND CLEANING
DIMENSIONING OF RAIN GUTTERS AND PIPES
TERRACE, ROOF SLOPE AND WATER DRAINAGE
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL OUTLET DRAINS
LEAF GUARDS;
TWIN DRAIN SYSTEM
Round Section
Square Section
LEAF GUARD ELEMENTS
RAINWATER DOWNPIPE COMPONENTS
COPPER RAINWATER DOWNPIPE COMPONENTS AND SIZES
PLASTIC RAINWATER DOWNPIPE COMPONENTS (RECTANGULAR SECTION) STEEL RAINWATER DOWNPIPE COMPONENTS
PLASTISOL REINFORCED STEEL GUTTER STRUCTURE
STAIRS
DEFINITION
EXTERNAL STAIRS
INTERNAL STAIRS
FIRE ESCAPES
SAFETY MEASURES TO BE TAKEN ON STAIRS
ESCALATORS AND MOVING WALKWAYS
MOVING WALKWAYS (BELTS)
CALCULATION OF MOVING WALKWAYS
ESCALATORS
HUMAN TRAFFIC ON ESCALATORS
ESCALATOR CALCULATIONS
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
WHEELCHAIR ESCALATOR
STAIR TYPES ACCORDING TO MATERIAL
WOODEN STAIRS
Open-riser wooden stairs
Nail-on Tread Stairs
Overlap Tread Stairs
Sliding Tread Stairs
Recessed Tread Stairs
Closed-riser wooden stairs
Recessed Tread Stairs
Overlap Tread Stairs
MASONRY STAIRS
Stone stairs
Artificial stone stairs
Reinforced concrete stairs
METAL STAIRS
HANDRAILS AND RAILINGS